宁夏银川旅游攻略：水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（一）

宁夏银川旅游攻略：水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（一）


 

Tour Guide Presentation—Audio Version 1

编号001  博物馆概况，

Number 001 Overview of the Museum

游客朋友们，大家好！欢迎您到水洞沟景区参观游览，

Dear visitors and friends, welcome to visit Shuidonggou Tourist Attraction.

我们现在参观的是水洞沟遗址博物院，它的外形仿水洞沟出土的名为石核的石器建造而成，建筑面积4308平方米，它摒弃了传统展馆的展示形式，以大型雕塑、超大型半景画、幻影成像、实景、文物等展示形式，结合世界最先进的声、光、电等技术，再现了三万年前远古人类生产、生活和灾难骤起被迫迁徙的活动场景，开创了中国博物馆展示形式的先河，馆内包含目前国内唯一“面积最大”的室内观众介入式动感体验区，其多项专利技术填补了国内外空白。

    We are now paying a visit to Shuidonggou Site Museum. With the construction area of 4308 square meters, it is built by imitating the shape of the stone implement unearthed in Shuidonggou, which is called steinkern. Instead of following the traditional forms of display, it adopts large sculptures, super large panorama paintings, phantom imaging, live-actions, cultural relics, etc. By using the state of the art technology of sound, light, electricity, etc., it recreates the scenes of how the ancient people hunted and lived 30, 000 years ago, as well as the lively scenes of migration of ancient people triggered by arising disasters, which feature itself the first of its kind among Chinese museums. Furthermore, with the largest area in China, it is also the only indoor experiencing pavilion with audiences involved. Many of its patent technologies have filled up the blanks in the field both at home and abroad.

编号002  序厅雕塑：《发现》

Number 002 Sculptures of the Preface Hall: “Discovery”

我们现在所处的位置是博物馆的序厅，眼前这组大型雕像，名为《发现》。它向我们表达的是：三万年前，一群远古人携带着狩猎工具离开自己原本的生活环境，不远万里来到了今天叫做水洞沟的地方，眼前的景象让他们惊喜万分
，这里草木葱茏，犀牛、野驴、原始牛在茂密的草丛中悠然地吃着青草，羚羊、转角羊在湖与沙漠之间的灌木丛中享受着饱含露珠的肥美嫩叶，显然这里非常适宜人类居住，这支原始人就地宿营，拉开了宁夏历史的序幕……

We are now visiting the Preface Hall of the museum. This set of large sculptures seated in front of you is named “discovery”. It reveals to us such a scene: 30, 000 years ago, a group of ancient people departed from their original habitat and traveled thousands of miles to a place named Shuidonggou. What they had seen thrilled them with a pleasant surprise. With luxuriant vegetation spreading everywher, rhinoceros, Asiatic wildass, Bos primigenius were leisurely feeding themselves in the thick growth of grass. Antelopes and Spirocerussp were feasting on the lush and tender leaves that are full of dewdrops. Obviously, it was quite a suitable place for the ancient people to live in. Thus they settled and kicked off the history of Ningxia.

 

编号003  Number 003

现在我们通过前言了解一下水洞沟文化：水洞沟地区是三万年前人类繁衍生息的圣地。1923年，法国古生物学家德日进、桑志华在这里发现了旧石器时代遗址，出土了大量石器和古生物化石。水洞沟因此而成为我国最早发现的旧石器时代人类文化遗址, 成为中国史前考古的发祥地。此后又经过多次考古发掘, 出土了五万多件石器和上百件动物化石。其中构成水洞沟文化基础的石制品、工具以及石器制作技术,可以和欧洲、西亚和北非的莫斯特、奥瑞纳时期人类栖居地的石器相媲美。从水洞沟出土的石器、装饰品的制作工艺、精致程度分析，在三万年前，宁夏水洞沟人的生产已达到了同时代最先进、最高水平，使用着领先的、精美的石制工具。这种现象, 为我国已发现的旧石器时代晚期文化所仅有。宁夏人民因水洞沟而感到骄傲，中国人民为此而自豪。

Now, we are going to have some knowledge of Shuidonggou culture through the preface. Shuidonggou area is the sacred place wher the ancient people have lived and multiplied 30,000 years ago. In the year 1923, French paleontologists P.Teilhard de Chardin and E.Licent discovered Paleolithic Age site and unearthed a large number of stone implements and paleontology fossils. Shuidonggou thus became the first place wher Paleolithic human culture relic was found and it became the “birthplace of Chinese prehistoric archaeology”. After multiple archaeological excavations, more than five thousand stone implements and hundreds of animal fossils had been unearthed. Among which, the stoneware, tools and stone implements manufacturing technique serving as the foundation of Shuidonggou culture can compare favorably with the stone implements discovered in Mousterian and Aurignacian human habitats of Europe, West Asia and North Africa. Craftsmanship and delicacy of the stone implements and ornaments unearthed in Shuidonggou prove that ancient people living in Ningxia Shuidonggou had attained the most advanced and highest level of production in the same age 30,000 years ago by using the leading and exquisite stone tools. This phenomenon is the only one of its kind ever seen in the late Paleolithic culture in China. People of Ningxia take pride in Shuidonggou and Chinese people feel proud of it.

水洞沟文化产生于荒蛮，影响于后世。水洞沟遗址博物院通过全面展示史前水洞沟人的生产活动和生活场景，使大家对水洞沟文化遗址有一个较为系统的了解，以增强人们爱护生态环境、保护文物古迹的意识。三万年以前的水洞沟人, 会因为我们对他们的关注和珍爱感到欣慰。

Generated in the savage era, Shuidonggou culture has been influencing the later ages ever since then. By fully displaying the scenes of hunting and living activities of the prehistoric people in Shuidonggou, Shuidonggou Site Museum intends to make the visitors have a systematic understanding of Shuidonggou culture relic, which in turn would enhance people’s awareness of cherishing ecological environment and protecting cultural relics and historical sites. Ancient people living in Shuidonggou 30,000 thousand years ago would be gratified for our attention and love offered to them.

 

 

编号004 人类演化史之食物来源与工具演变

Number 004 Human Evolution History: Source of Food and Evolution of Tool

 

人类从原始人进化到现代人，历经了漫长的过程，这里您可以看到人类进化的立体演绎场景：向我们打招呼的古猿告诉我们，采摘树上的果实是古人类最早的食物来源之一，发明了石器以后才有了狩猎活动，铁器的出现促进了农耕的发展，现代人生产工具的多样性，使得生活也更加丰富多彩。信息时代，生产已经达到了专业化、规模化和科技化的程度，追求的是时间和效率······工具的不断更新促使人类文明的脚步不断地加快！

It takes a long course for human beings to be evolved from primitive people to modern people. From here, you can have a look at the three-dimensional narration of ancient life: the ancient ape greeting us tells us that picking fruits in trees had been one of the earliest ways of sourcing food by ancient people. Hunting activities only started after the invention of stone implements while the use of iron implements later on promoted the development of farming. The diversified implements of production for modern people have made life more rich and colorful. Production in information era has reached a level of being professional, large-scale and technology-based and has always been seeking for time and efficiency…The continuous updat of implements has accelerated the progress of human civilization!

从人类进化场景可以看出在人类进化的历史长河中，古人类发展主要经历了四个发展阶段：依次是早期猿人、晚期猿人、早期智人、晚期智人，水洞沟人属于晚期智人阶段，距今约3万年-1万年，他的体貌特征介于第三四个模型之间，也就是说水洞沟人经历了旧石器晚期和新石器时代，主要从事采摘和狩猎活动，生产工具开始从打制石器向磨制石器变革。

Judging from these scenes, we can see that in the long history of human evolution, development of ancient people mainly undergoes the following four stages: early ape man, late ape man, early Homo sapiens and late Homo sapiens. The ancient people living in Shuidonggou belong to the stage of late Home sapiens which dates back to 30,000 to 10,000 years ago. Their physical features lie between the 3rd and the 4th model, which means the ancient people living in Shuidonggou had experienced both the late Palaeolithic age and the Neolithic Age. They were mainly involved in fruits picking and hunting activities. Implements of production had started to change from chipped stone implements to polished stone implements.

 

 

编号005 投影

Number 005 Projection

人类进化根据形态变化分为四个阶段：早期猿人、晚期猿人、早期智人和晚期智人，人类最初是大型灵长类动物，它们用四肢攀爬树木，双手辅助行走。在进化的过程中，双手解放出来，两足直立行走，上身比例减小，脑容量逐渐增大，下颌骨收缩，面部趋于扁平，体毛渐渐退去，最后就变成我们如今的模样。水洞沟人属于晚期智人，也被称为解剖学上的现代人，是原始人的最后一个阶段。人类从早期猿人到晚期智人共经历了250万年的漫长历史。

Evolution of human being can be categorized in four stages according to morphologic changes: early ape man, late ape man, early Homo sapiens and late Homo sapiens. At the very beginning, humans were large primates. They climbed trees with arms and legs and walked with the assist of both hands. During the process of evolution, they could walk upright and hands were freed. While the proportion of upper body decreased, cranial capacity gradually increased. With the contraction of lower jawbone, their faces grew flat and their pilus gradually disappeared, which finally become our appearance today. The ancient people living in Shuidonggou belong to late Homo sapiens. They are also known as modern people in anatomy, which is the last stage of primitive man. Evolution of human beings from early ape man to late Homo sapiens has undergone a very long history of 2.5 million years.

 

006 石器介绍

006 Introduction to Stone Implements

工具是人力肢体的延伸，是人类得以有效生存的基础。远古的旧石器时代，古人类制作工具的材料以石头为主，较晚出现了骨、角等材料，由于其他材料易腐朽而难于保存。人类留下来的大量石器成为了考古研究者的主要分析材料，他们以此探求古代人类的行为和生存方式。人类开始制造石器工具大约是在250万年左右。 

Implements extend the labor power and bodies, which serves as the foundation of human being’s effective survival. In the ancient Palaeolithic age, the ancient people mainly adopted stone as the material for making implements and materials like bone and horn were also used later on, simply because other materials would decay easily and be hard to preserve. Large amount of stone implements left by the ancient people have become the major materials to be analyzed by researchers engaged in archaeological studies. They explore the behaviors and ways of living of the ancient people. Human beings had started to make stone implements at approximately 2.5 million years ago.

 在旧石器时代制作石器最原始的办法，是把一块石头加以敲击或碰击使之形成刃口，即成石器。打制切割用的带有薄刃的石器，则有一定的方法和步骤：先从石块上打下所需要的石片，再把打下的石片加以修整而成石器。初期，石器是用石锤敲击修整的，边缘不太平齐。到了中期，使用木棒或骨棒修整，边缘比较平整了。及至后期，修整技术进一步提高，创造了压制法。压制的工具主要是骨、角或硬木。用压制法修整出来的石器已经比较精细。

The most primitive way of making stone implements in Palaeolithic age was to form cutting edge by knocking or striking a stone which finally became a stone implement. While certain methods and procedures were needed to make stone implements with sharp cutting edge for cutting purpose: First, the required flagstone was chopped off the stone and then was further trimmed to make stone implements. In the early stage, stone implements were trimmed by striking of hammer stone and thus the rim was not so even. Coming to the middle stage, wooden stick or bone stick were used for trimming, which made the rim more even. In the late stage, the technique of trimming was further improved and the means of pressing was created. The pressed implements mainly included bone, horn or hardwood. The stone implements trimmed by means of pressing had become quite delicate.

到新石器时代，石器制造技术有了很大进步。首先，对石料的选择、切割、磨制、钻孔、雕刻等工序已有一定要求。石料选定后，先打制成石器的雏形，然后把刃部或整个表面放在砺石上加水和沙子磨光。这就成了磨制石器。

When it came to the Neolithic Age, great progress had been made in stone implement manufacturing technique. First, certain procedure requirements had been made on selecion of stone, cutting, polishing, drilling, carving etc. When stone was seleced, it was firstly stroke into the embryonic form of stone implement. Theedge or the whole surface of the stone was place on rough stone for polishing by adding water and sand. Polished stone implements were thus made.

磨制石器与打制的石器相比，通过打磨增强了石器刃部的锋度，减少了使用时的阻力，使工具能发挥更大的作用。

Compared with chipped stone implements, the sharpness of the edge on polished stone implements was increased so that resistance force was less, which made the implements play a bigger role in practical use.

穿孔技术的发明是石器制作技术上的又一重要成就，穿孔的目的在于制成复合工具，使石制的工具能比较牢固地捆缚在木柄上，便于使用和携带，以提高劳动效率。

The invention of drilling technique was another important achievement in the development of stone implements manufacturing technique. The purpose of drilling was to make integrated implements, which enabled stone implements to be solidly bound to wooden handle for ease of use and carry. Efficiency of labor was thus promoted.

原始社会时期生产工具的改进，增强了人们向自然界作斗争的能力，社会生产和生活的天地变得日益广阔起来。但由于当时人们所能支配的物质只不过是石、木、骨、角和利用天然纤维简单加工而成的绳索等，这就限制了工具的创造和发展。

The improvement in the implements of production in primitive society had strengthened people’s capability of fighting against nature. The scope of social production and social activities was gradually broadened. However, since the materials that could be manipulated by the ancient people were only limited to stone, wood, bone, horn and rope roughly made by natural fiber, the creation and development of implements were constrained.

 

在这里我们仔细观察一下中国的旧石器形状，与后面水洞沟出土的石器比较一下看有什么区别？

Here, we will carefully observe and compare the differences between the Chinese stone implements discovered earlier and the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou at a later stage.

编号007宁夏水洞沟是中国最早发掘的旧石器时代文化遗址之一，被誉为“中国史前考古的发祥地”、“中西文化交流的历史见证”，被国家列为“最具中华文明意义的百项考古发现”之一，全国文物保护100处重大遗址之一。是全国重点文物保护单位，国家地质公园，水洞沟还是我国唯一保存最完整的万里长城立体军事防御体系。

Number 007 Ningxia Shuidonggou is one of the earliest excavated ruin sites of Palaeolithic age and is honored as the “birthplace of Chinese prehistoric archaeology”, “Historical Testimony of Cultural Exchanges between the East and the West” and “one of the most significant archaeological discoveries among the 100 Chinese civilization sites”. The site is also known as one of the 100 national historical relics under preservation. It is honored as the national key cultural relic preservation unit and national geological park. Shuidonggou is also the best preserved three-dimensional composition of the ancient Great Wall military defense system.

 

编号008水洞沟地理概况

Number 008 Geographical Overview of Shuidonggou

水洞沟地处鄂尔多斯台地西南边缘，遗址北可见长城，自古就是农耕与游牧的边界，现在是宁夏和内蒙鄂尔多斯的分界线。长城之南有一条被季节性河流冲刷出的边沟，由于地下水补给，一条小河常年流淌不停息，小河将原本平坦的台地切割成两壁峭立的峡谷，大概是依水而居的关系吧，遗址的大多数具体地点都在边沟的崖壁上发现。长城、深沟、峡谷可谓深沟高垒，它们和藏兵洞共同构成了明代的边防重镇。为了保护长城、遗址和恢复生态环境，水洞沟公司建了一座拦水坝将深沟分成东西两段，坝的西面是芦化谷，东面是红山湖。自东向西千万年流淌不息的河水，孕育了水洞沟深厚的文化底蕴和集大漠风光与江南秀色与一体的独特景观。

Shuidonggou is located at the southwest border of Erdos terrace. The Great Wall is located to the north of the site. from ancient times, it had been the borderline between the farming people and nomadic people. It serves now as the borderline between Ningxia and Erdos in Inner Mongolia. To the south of the Great Wall, there is a side ditch scoured out by seasonal river. Due to the underground water supply, a small river runs in-between the flat terrace all the year round, creating a gorge with steep sides. Perhaps because the ancient people would always like to live beside the river, most relics are found in the cliffs along the side ditch. Together with the ancient-troop hiding cave, the Great Wall, deep ditch and gorge have composed deep and high barriers and the frontier stronghold of Ming Dynasty. In order to protect the Great Wall, relics and to recover ecological environment，Shuidonggou Tourism Company has built a check dam separating the deep ditch into East and West parts. To the West of the dam is Reed Flower Valley and to the East lies the Red Mountain Lake. The river that runs from East to West for thousands of years has given birth to the profound cultural deposits, as well as the unique landscape that combines the beauty of the vast desert and the areas to the south of Yangtze River.

编号009 水洞沟的古环境特征

Number 009 Ancient Environment Features of Shuidonggou

根据水洞沟更新世晚期地层出土动物化石所反映的自然环境，可以认为，在水洞沟文化时期，这里的自然环境是地势平缓的草原荒漠地带，贺兰山云杉曾有一定量的扩展，曾经还活动着披毛犀、普氏野马、野驴、鹿、水牛、普氏羚羊、鸵鸟等动物，我国北方东部河谷、平原区的冷湿环境也影响到了水洞沟地区，形成流水与湖泊相连的小环境。三万年前，地球属于第四纪冰期时代，当时的水洞沟水草丰美，非常适宜人类生存，碧绿的湖面波光粼粼，周围草木葱茏，犀牛、野驴、原始牛在湖边的草丛中悠然地吃着青草，羚羊、转角羊在湖与沙漠之间的灌木丛中觅食着饱含露珠的肥美嫩叶，成群的鸵鸟在沙丘中急速行走。湖边、草原上，青壮年不分男女都要手持棍棒和石器去打猎。他们使用的武器太原始了，有时，奔波一天，连一只野兽也猎获不到，只好靠挖些植物的根茎和采摘野果和草籽度日。一旦捕到动物，他们如同过节一样喜笑颜开，剥去兽皮，大家围坐在一起，在熊熊篝火上烤食，吃到高兴，便围着篝火跳起欢快的舞蹈……

According to the natural environment reflected by the animal fossil unearthed in the layer of Pleistocene Age, we can assume that in the Shuidonggou culture period, the natural environment here is desert steppe zone with gentle terrain. There had been a certain scale of Helanshan spruce growing here. Animals like wooly rhinoceros, Przewalski horse, Asiatic wild ass, deer, buffalo, Przewalski antelopes and ostrich had lived here. The cold and wet climate of the river valley and plain terrain in the East area of the Northern part of the country also has impact on Shuidonggou area, forming a small environment surrounded by waters and lakes. The earth was still in the Quaternary Ice Age 30,000 years ago. Being rich in water and plants, Shuidonggou was quite a suitable place for people to live in. The shimmering green lake was surrounded by luxuriant vegetation. Rhinoceros, Asiatic wild ass, Bos primigenius were leisurely feeding themselves in the thick growth of grass. Antelopes and Spirocerussp were feasting on the lush and tender leaves that are full of dewdrops. Herds of ostrich were running briskly in the sand dunes. Young adults, being male or female, were going hunting with sticks and stone implements along the lakes and steppe. Since the implements used by them were too primitive, they would sometimes fail to hunt one beast. To make a living, they had to dig for the rootstock and pick wild fruits and grass seeds. once animal was hunted, they would be light up with pleasure as if celebrating a festival. With the hide peeled off, everyone would sit around the roaring campfire to roast the food. When feeling delighted about the delicious food, they would start dancing merrily around the campfire.

编号010披毛犀

Number 010 Wooly Rhinoceros

已绝灭的一种哺乳动物，曾是旧石器时代水洞沟人主要的狩猎对象。披毛犀体表披有御寒的长毛和浓密的绒毛。这类动物头骨长而且大，头部和颈部向下低垂，额上和鼻上各长有一支犀角，鼻角尤其长大，向前倾斜伸出。它的生活时代大约距今200万年—1万年。

It is a kind of extinguished mammal which used to be the main target to be hunted by Shuidonggou people in Paleolithic age. Wooly rhinoceros had been equipped with long hair keeping out cold on its body surface, as well as bushy fur. The skull of such animal was long and big. Its head and neck drooped downward. Each rhinoceros horn was grown in the forehead and nose. The horn in the nose was particularly long and big, reaching out in inclination. It lived approximately in 2,000,000 to 10,000 years ago.

披毛犀对于水洞沟的发现有着非常重要的意义，1919年，比利时神父肯特途经水洞沟时，在崖壁上发现了一具披毛犀头骨化石，随后告诉了他的好友，法国古生物学家桑志华，随后桑志华和德日进对水洞沟的考察和发掘，揭开了水洞沟沉睡几万年的神秘面貌。

Wooly rhinoceros plays a significant role in the discovery of Shuidonggou. In 1919, a Belgium priest named Kent discovered a wooly rhinoceros skull in the cliff when passing Shuidonggou. He then told the news to his friend, a French paleontologist named E.Licent. The expedition and excavation made by  E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin  in Shuidonggou later on had unveiled its thousands of years’ mystery. 

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