宁夏旅游攻略大全：水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（二）

今天为大家带来的宁夏银川旅游攻略大全，从张三小店开始，为大家介绍水洞沟各个景点的具体资料。水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（二）

编号011  张三小店      Number 011 Zhangsan Tavern

我们看到的这三个栩栩如生的人物雕像，和2011年元宵晚会上与李咏、周涛同台主持节目的李咏2都是由同一家公司—即西安超人公司创作的。

Along with Li Yong No. 2 who “hosted” the 2011 CCTV Lantern Festival Show with Li Yong and Zhou Tao (famous host and hostess in CCTV), the three vivid and lifelike figure sculptures we see here are casted by the same company—Xi’an Superman Company.

塑像中看到身材修长的是法国古生物学家德日进，而体态壮实的这位是博物馆学家桑志华，这位提着茶壶、端着茶碗的小伙儿就是小店的主人张三，屋里隐约可见的那位是张三的妻子，名叫“紫怡”，据说和章子怡长得很像呢。

The tall and slender figure sculpture is the French paleontologist named P.Teilhard de Chardin while the one with strong body is the museologist named E.Licent. The young fellow lifting the teapot and holding the teacup is the owner of the tavern, Zhangsan. The barely visible figure inside the room is Zhangsan’s wife whose name is Ziyi. She is said to resemble Zhang Ziyi (a famous female movie star in China) in looks.

1923年6月11日，桑志华连同他的同窗好友德日进从天津出发，沿着黄河左岸西行，穿过乌拉山到达水洞沟，住进了“张三小店”，对水洞沟进行了科学考察和发掘。

On 11th June 1923, E.Licent departed from Tianjin with his schoolmate and friend P.Teilhard de Chardin traveled along the west bank of the Yellow River to the west. They crossed the Wula Mountain, reached Shuidonggou and lived in Zhangsan Tavern. Their purpose was to carry out scientific research and excavation.

当天晚饭后，桑志华和德日进就耐不住内心的急迫，沿着沟底往里走，当他们走到与长城并行的一处断崖时，突然发现断崖上有磷火闪现，丰富的考古知识使他们立即判断出那里一定有尸骨。他们很快返回小店，找到张三，给了他5块银元，要了一把大梯子，在夜色中爬到崖上去挖。第一个晚上，他们就挖到了一件动物头骨化石。后来十几天的时间里，桑志华和德日进雇当地农民一共挖出了300多公斤的石核、刮削器、尖状器等打制石器，由于当时中国身处战乱年代，无法提供先进、适宜的研究条件，他们将石制品精心编号后，装入木箱，运回法国进行深入研究。1928年，他们以严谨的学术态度和科学事实向世界宣布：水洞沟遗址的发现和发掘标志着“中国没有旧石器时代文化”这一论断的终结。水洞沟的此次发现震惊了欧洲考古界，在此之前，西方学者一直认为中国没有旧石器时代，也就是说我们的祖先是从西方迁徙而来的。

After finishing the supper on that day, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin were too anxious to stay and marched along the bottom of the ditch. When reaching a cliff that ran parallel with the Great Wall, they suddenly found phosphorescent light on the cliff. With abundant archaeology knowledge, they immediately sensed the existence of skeleton there. They returned to Zhangsan tavern in a hurry and asked for a big ladder by paying 5 silver dollars to Zhangsan. In darkness, they climbed the cliff and started excavation. On the first night, they had already discovered a skull fossil. In the following dozen days, E.Licent and P.Teilhard de Chardin hired some local farmers to do the excavation and found more than 300 kilos of chipped stone implements such as steinkern，scraping implements, pointed implements and so on. Since China was still in the midst of war then and no advanced and appropriate research conditions could be met, they put the stone implements into wooden box after having elaborate numbering and sent them to France for further research. In 1928, they announced to the world with rigorous academic spirit and scientific fact that the discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. The discovery of Shuidonggou shocked European archaeological field. Before this, western scholars had deemed that China didn’t have Paleolithic age, which meant that our ancestors were the people who immigrated from the West.

 

编号012文物出土类型

Number 012 Types of Excavated Cultural Relics

这里向大家展示的是水洞沟出土的古动物化石，从这些展示出来的动物化石可以看出远古时代动物的体积一般都比较庞大，这是水洞沟出土的大角鹿，这种古鹿的角大得惊人，角面的宽度，通常有2．5米，所以叫它大角鹿，它是远古水洞沟的主要捕猎对象。

Exhibitions here are the ancient animal fossils unearthed from Shuidonggou which show that the size of the ancient animals were relatively large. This is unearthed megaloceros, the horn of which is such an amazing size with the width of 2.5 meters. That’s why it is called megaloceros. It the major prey of Shuidonggou in ancient times.

肿骨鹿（也称肿骨大角鹿）、是大角鹿属的一种。它的个体大小如麋鹿。头骨和四肢骨也很粗壮。下颌骨有明显的肿厚现象，因而得名肿骨鹿。

Thick-jawed deer (also known as thick-jawed megaloceros) belongs to the category of megaloceros. Its size is the same as that of the David’s deer. Its skull and four limbs bones are very strong. There is obvious swelling in the lower jawbone, that’s why it’s named thick-jawed deer.

原始牛头，从这个牛角可以看出，当时的野牛体型庞大，据专家推算，

若将它还原出来，重量约为2吨，相当于一个未成年小象的重量。

Head of Bos primigenius

Judging from the horn, we can see the body of Bos primigenius is quite huge. According to the calculation by experts, if returned to its original shape, it would weigh as much as 2 tons which is the weight of a under-age small elephant.

普氏野马体型健硕，体长约2.8米，高1米以上，体重约为300公斤。

The body of Przewalski horse is strong and fit with 2.8 meters in length, over 1 meter in height and approximately 300 kilos in weight.

编号013 水洞沟出土石器展示

Number 013 Exhibition of Stone Implements Unearthed in Shuidonggou

1、勒瓦娄哇石核最早发现在法国巴黎勒瓦娄哇佩雷，因此取名勒瓦娄哇石核，属欧洲旧石器中期莫斯特文化，由尼安德特人创造的石器打制技术，在打制石片之前，将原始石料的石皮剥离，留下石头内部，我们一般称之为石核，再把石核经过精心修理使之一面平整一面隆起，像一个倒置龟甲，这样的石核产片率很高，一般均在四片以上，形成石片多边有薄刃，可直接使用。它代表当时世界最先进石器打制技术。由于水洞沟出土的石器材料与欧洲莫斯特文化基本相似，考古专家对这种地区相隔遥远、文化雷同的现象，认为是人类“大距离迁徙的同化影响”,所以把水洞沟出土的这种石器类型直接命名为勒瓦娄哇石核。水洞沟遗址博物馆外形就是仿制此石器类型建造的。

1. Levallois steinkern was initially discovered in Levallois-Perret, Paris, France. That’s why it is named Levallois steinkern which belongs to Mousterian culture in the middle Paleolithic age in Europe. It is the stone implement chipping technique created by the Homo neanderthalensis. Before making stone slices, the surface of the raw stones would be peeled off, leaving the internals that are usually named steinkern. The stinkern would be elaborately trimmed so that one side is flat and the other side is swelling outwards, which looks like an up-side-down tortoise shell. Such steikern produces multiple stone slices. On average, over 4 slices could be made with thin edges which can be used directly as implements. It represents the most advanced stone implement chipping technique in the world then. Since the material of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are basically similar to those discovered in the European Mousterian culture. Experts believe that such phenomenon of identical culture in two remote areas is the “assimilation impact by human migration over great distance”. Therefore, this type of stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou was directly named as Levallois steinkern. The appearance of Shuidonggou Site Museumwas built by imitating the shape of the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou,

2、尖状器，这件石器器形端正，一端尖锐，两边薄刃对称，请大家猜一下它的作用，没错，它形似箭头，大一点的尖状器，可以绑在木头顶端，用作投掷工具捕杀猎物，小一些可以用来钻孔它形似箭头，主要用于制作投掷工具来捕杀猎物。这是水洞沟出土的典型石器之一。

2. Pointed implement. This piece of stone implement is regular in shape. With one end pointed outward, symmetrical thin edges are made on both sides. Can you have a guess at its function? Yes, it looks like an arrowhead. Bigger pointed implement could be tied to the end of a wooden stick and be used as thrown tool hunting prey. Smaller ones could be used for drilling. With the shape similar to arrowhead, it is mainly used as thrown tool for hunting. This is a typical stone implement unearthed in Shuidonggou.

3、刮削器是切割、刮、削工具，一般用于切割肉类、兽皮、分割动物肢体、谷物的根茎，也用于截断、修理中小木棒等工具，是打制石器中最常见的工具，类似与现在的刀具。 

3. Scraping implement is used for cutting, shaving and peeling. It is usually used for cutting meat, hide, animal bodies, and rootstock of grains. It is also used to break and trim middle-sized and small wooden stick etc. It is the mostly commonly seen tool among chipped stone implements, which is similar to the knives used today.

4、磨盘，水洞沟古人生活年代上至三万年，下至一万年，不仅经历了旧石器时代晚期，而且也包含新石器时代，新旧石器时代最大的区别在于石器制作方式的不同，旧石器以打制为主，我们刚刚看到的尖状器即为打制石器，新石器时代以磨制为主，那么大家看到的这件磨盘，就是新时期时代的工具了，它更加能够体现人类的主观能动性，以自己的需求磨制出理想的器形，这也是人类在不断的劳动过程中逐渐变得更加聪明的有力证据。

4. Millstone. Ancient Shuidonggou people lived as early as 30,000 years ago and as late as 10,000 years ago. Not only did they live the Palaeolithic age but also the Neolithic Age. The biggest difference between the two Ages lies in the means of making stone implements. Stone implements made in the Palaeolithic age are mainly the chipped ones. The pointed stone implement we saw a moment ago is a chipped stone implement. While the stone implements made in the Neolithic Age are mainly ground ones. The millstone in front of us belongs to the implement made in the Neolithic Age. It embodies the subjective initiative of human beings to a broader extent. Polishing the desired shape of implement as per one’s needs has been strong evidence that human beings grow smarter during the process of continuous working.

我们在前面曾提醒大家注意比较一下水洞沟出土的石器的形状和中国其他遗址出土的石器的区别：我们仔细看一下，就会发现，水洞沟出土的石器比较规整精细，尤其是石叶石器，长薄规整，这也充分说明了水洞沟人当时，使用着世界最先进的石器，这是我国迄今为止发现的其他旧石器时代古人类所不能比拟的。

In the previous part of our visit, we have called your attention to compare and observe the difference between the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou and the ones unearthed in other sites of China. If we have a closer look, we would find that the stone implements unearthed in Shuidonggou are more neat and meticulous. The blade stone implements are especially featured by its long, thin and neat shape, which fully demonstrate that the ancient Shuidonggou people use the most advanced stone implements. This is beyond compare by other ancient people in Palaeolithic age discovered in our country so far.

编号014  装饰品

Number 014 Ornaments

水洞沟考古发掘出土的环状装饰品共有69件。用骨片和鸵鸟蛋皮制成的精美环状装饰品，是迄今我国发现年代最早的批量生产的磨制工艺品，其精美程度为我国旧石器文化中所仅见，极大地丰富了水洞沟的文化内涵，为研究当时人类生产力发展水平、技术演化、艺术品加工使用情况及其行为模式和审美能力提供了重要资料。

There are 60 ring shape ornaments unearthed in Shuidonggou. Exquisite ring shape ornaments made by bone pieces and ostrich eggshells are the earliest polished handicrafts in batch process in our country so far. They are the most exquisite handicrafts ever discovered in the Palaeolithic age of our country, which greatly enrich the cultural deposits of Shuidonggou and provide important materials for research into the level of productivity, evolution of technique, the condition of making and using handicraft, as well as behavioral pattern and aesthetic judgment at that time.

 

编号015 一号遗址发掘点剖面

Number 015 Section of Excavation Site No.1

这里是一号考古发掘点剖面，前四次考古发掘都在一号点进行，共清理出的石制品和动物化石近万件，如此密集的分布地点，可能有三种原因，一是水洞沟人在这里生活的时间很长，因此留下了很多的生活用具，二是水洞沟人生产技术达到旧石器晚期最高水平，当时已经开始批量生产工具。三是水洞沟人来此之前的很长时间，还有其他人在这里生活过。我们形象的把它称之为“石器加工厂”。中间凹槽以上为新石器时代遗存，之下为旧石器时代遗存，说明水洞沟包含两个时代的历史遗存。

Here we come to the section of excavation site No. 1. The first four archaeological excavations were done here and almost 10 thousand pieces of stoneware and animal fossils were discover. There are three possible reasons for such intensive distribution of relics: First, ancient people had lived in Shuidonggou for quite a long time so that many life utensils were left here. Second, ancient people living in Shuidonggou had attained the highest level of the late Palaeolithic age in terms of production technique and had started volume production of implements. Third, there had been other people living here before the Shuidonggou ancient people. We vividly call it “stone implements fabrication plant”. Above the trough located in the middle is relic of the Neolithic Age and below the trough is relic of the Palaeolithic age, which proves that Shuidonggou includes historical relics of two ages.

 

编号016部分石器的功能及演变

Number 016 Function of Some Stone Implements and Their Evolution

随着人类的进化和生产力的进一步发展，人类使用的工具越来越先进，但是，也许有许多人想象不到我们现在使用的工具，它们最初都是由石器工具演变而来的，下面我们就通过展柜来了解一下工具的演变过程:

Along the further development of human evolution and productivity, implements used by human beings got more and more advanced. Maybe it is beyond many people’s imagination that the implements used by us now are initially developed from stone implements. Now we would have some knowledge about the development of implements through the display window.

一号展柜中展示的是从水洞沟出土的打制的尖状器到磨制石矛，最后成为现代的金属矛头或箭头演变过程，

The display window No. 1 reveals the evolution process of modern metal spearhead or arrowhead developed from the chipped pointed-implement to polished stone spear unearthed in Shuidonggou.

二号展柜中展示的是从水洞沟出土的打制刮削器到磨制石刀，最后发展到现代的金属刀的演变轨迹；

The display window No. 2 shows us the chipped scraping implement to polished stone knife and the trace of development of modern metal knife.

三号展柜是从打制的砍砸器到磨制石斧至现代金属斧的演变；

The display window No. 3 illustrates the evolution process from chipped chopping implement to polished stone axe to modern metal axe.

四号展柜是从打制的锯齿刃器工具到磨制的石锯，最后发展到现代金属锯的演变。

The display window No. 4 exhibits the evolution process from chipped jagged-edge implement to polished stone saw, and the final development of modern metal saw.

编号017 烧石

Number017 Cooking Stone

在陶器产生之前，人们将动物的胃切下作为容器来使用，在其中注满水，加入动物肉或是草籽等，再从河床上捡拾大小相当、材质适宜的石头，称为烧石，将烧石在阳光下暴晒或在火里进行加热后投入胃中，反复此过程，直到生食变为熟食。在水洞沟12号地点的烧石是首次确认并得以论证的古人类间接用火、掌握“石烹法”的证据，对古人类用火的历史研究具有里程牌的意义。

Before the invention of earthenware, people would cut off the stomach of animals and use it as container. Water was filled in the stomach with animal meat or grass seeds etc. They would then pick stones of the same size and material on the riverbed to be used as “cooking stone”. The stones were placed under the blazing sun for quite a long time or heated over fire and would then be put into the stomach. Such practice would be repeated until the uncooked food became prepared food. The cooking stones unearthed at excavation site No. 12 in Shuidonggou was the first evidence confirming and proving that the ancient people used the indirect fire and mastered “stone cooking method”, which stands out as the landmark of historical research into use of fire by the ancient people.

 

编号018 水洞沟遗址发掘成果

Number 018 Excavation Achievement in Shuidonggou Site

经过五次系统考古发掘，发掘成果可谓丰硕，已成为中国旧石器遗址中材料最丰富多彩、最多样化的遗址有：石制品-打制和磨制，小石片石器、石叶、细石器制品；骨制品；装饰品；纺轮；陶器；动物化石；用火遗迹，其中构成水洞沟文化基础的主要石制品，其工具及石器制作修理技术，可以和欧洲、西亚、北非的莫斯特、奥瑞纳时期人类栖居地的石器相媲美。尤其是出土的大量勒瓦娄哇石核和勒瓦娄瓦石片工具，与欧洲相当古老的莫斯特文化接近。

After 5 systematic archaeological excavations, plenty of relics have been found. The most colorful and diversified relics in Chinese Palaeolithic age are: stone implements—chipped ones and polished ones, small stone slices, blade stone implements, thin stone implements, bone wares, ornaments, spinning wheels, potteries, animal fossils and historical remains of fire use. Among which, the fabrication and trimming technique for the major stone implements that constitute the cultural foundation of Shuidonggou can compare favorably with the stone implements discovered in the Mousterian and Aurignacian human habitats in Europe, West Asia and North Africa. The Levallois steinkern and Levallois stone slice implements unearthed in great numbers are close to the ancient Mousterian culture in Europe.

 

 

法国考古泰斗步日耶指出在水洞沟出土的石核和以长薄规整的石叶为标志的材料“可以同欧洲、西亚和北非已演变的莫斯特人类栖息地的材料相提并论，好像是处在很发达的莫斯特文化和正在成长的奥瑞纳文化之间。”中国考古泰斗刘东生院士则作为带有文学色彩的论断：“在水洞沟这个地处横贯欧亚大陆的黄土地带东端的遗址所遇到的具有与欧洲风格相似的旧石器文化，是东西方文化碰撞所迸发出的火花。这是水洞沟区别与中国其他旧石器遗址的地方。也是水洞沟文化中“外来说”和“本土来源”的争论中“外来说”占据主导地位的理论基础。

A French leading authority in archaeology, H.Breuil, indicated that the material of skeintern and the blade stone implement signified by its long, thin and regular shape unearthed in Shuidonggou “can be mentioned in the same breath with the material developed in Mousterian habitats in Europe, West and North Africa.” Liu Dongsheng, the master and academician in Chinese archaeology presented a judgment with literary flavor: “The Paleolith culture found in the East part of the yellow land zone traversing Eurasia wher Shuidonggou site is located shows a similar style to that of the Europe. It is the spark generated in cultural collision between the East culture and the West culture, which makes it a distinction between Shuidonggou and other Palaeolithic age sites. It is also the theoretical basis for ‘external migration’ assumption taking the lead in the debate over ‘foreign migration’ or ‘domestic origin’.”

编号019 水洞沟遗址研究

Number 019 Research into the Shuidonggou Site

水洞沟1919年被比利时神父肯特偶然发现， 1923年，由法国二位古生物学家德日进和桑志华正式对水洞沟遗址进行考古发掘，最后形成了水洞沟考古报告—《中国的旧石器》，并于1928年正式公布，水洞沟遗址的发现和发掘标志着“中国没有旧石器时代文化”这一论断的终结。这份报告也让世界考古界震惊，水洞沟的发现，在世界上引起巨大的轰动，引起考古学界的极大兴趣，水洞沟成为了一个时代的标志和一种文化的象征。近百年来，经过中外很多考古学家、地质学家、古生物学家先后5次系统的考古发掘和研究，出土了5万多件石器和300多件动物化石，吸引了大批的专家和学者的研究和关注，仅 “2003年水洞沟遗址发现80周年国际古人类学术讨论会”， “2011年水洞沟遗址发掘88周年学术研讨会”，“2013年水洞沟遗址发掘90周年研讨会”每次就有上百名中外人类学家、考古学家和地质学家齐聚水洞沟参加学术讨论。中外学者在探讨远古文化时都要对她浓描细绘，大学考古讲义乃至中学历史教科书都对她不惜笔墨。中国最高科技奖获得者刘东生院士、著名人类学家吴新智、考古学家张淼水、吕遵谔等先生均参与过水洞沟遗址的研究，并留下研究成果，如此受到名流大家和众多业内外人士的关注，中国的古人类遗址中，仅有周口店和泥河湾可以与之媲美。

In 1919, a Belgium priest named Kent happened to discover Shuidonggou. In 1924, two French paleontologists E.Licent P.Teilhard de Chardin and E.Licent officially carried out the archaeological excavation in Shuidonggou and finally wrote up a archaeology report on Shuidonggou—“Chinese Paleolith” which was officially published in 1928. The discovery and excavation of Shuidonggou site signified the termination of the inference that “China doesn’t have Paleolithic Age culture”. This report also shocked the world archaeology field. The discovery of Shuidonggou caused a sensation all over the world and aroused great interest in the field of archaeology. Shuidonggou has become the sign of an era and a cultural symbol. In recent dozens of years, 5 systematic archaeological excavation and research has been done successively by many archaeologists, geologist and paleontologists. More than 50, 000 pieces of stone implements and over 300 animal fossils were discovered, which has drawn the research and attention of numerous experts and scholars. Each time when the “2003 International Ancient Humans Academic Colloquium—80th Anniversary for the Discovery of Shuidonggou Site”, “2011 Academic Seminar—88th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” and “2013 Academic Seminar—90th Anniversary for the Excavation of Shuidonggou Site” were held, more than 100 Chinese and foreign anthropologists, archaeologist and geologists gathered in Shuidonggou for discussion. Chinese and foreign scholars would describe Shuidonggou in details when discussing the culture of the remote antiquity. Archaeology lecture notes used in universities and even the history textbooks used in middle schools would spend more words than necessary for description. Liu Dongsheng, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as winner of State Pre-eminent Science and Technology Award, Wu Xinzhi, the famous anthropologist, Zhang Miaoshui and Lv Zune, famous archaeologists have taken part in the research into Shuidonggou Site and left some research findings. In all the ancient human sites, only Zhoukoudian and Heniwan have enjoyed the same attention paid by so many celebrities and numerous people both inside and outside the field.

编号020 体验区

Number 020 Experience Area

眼前是下沉式动感体验区，大家可以穿越时光，进入三万年，实景体验原始人的生产、生活和灾难来临时的震撼场景，由于场面比较逼真，为了您的安全，有高血压、心脏病的游客请留在地震平台外感受，其它朋友请上平台进行体验。

What we see in front of us is the subsided dynamic experience area. Here you can travel through time back to 30,000 years ago and have a live-action experience of the production and life of the primitive people, as well as the shocking scenes when hit by disasters. Since the scene is quite lifelike, for safety concern, visitors with high blood pressure or heart disease should experience only outside the earthquake platform and other visitors can step onto the platform for a thrilling experience.

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